Psic. Alicia Domínguez de Pedro.
Dra. Descanso.
Descanso en Adultos, Noticias
Parálisis del sueño, desenmascarando el fenómeno “Se me subió el muerto”
27
Oct
Oct
La parálisis del sueño, se define como una incapacidad transitoria para realizar cualquier tipo de movimiento voluntario que tiene lugar durante el periodo de transición entre el estado de sueño y el de vigilia. Puede ocurrir en el momento de comenzar a dormir o en el de despertarse y suele acompañarse de una sensación de gran angustia.
Su duración suele ser corta, generalmente entre uno y tres minutos, tras los cuales la parálisis cede espontáneamente. Durante el episodio, la persona está totalmente consciente, pero es incapaz de moverse o hablar, lo que puede provocar gran ansiedad. Sin embargo, no existe ningún peligro para la vida, pues los músculos respiratorios siguen funcionando automáticamente. Este trastorno está recogido en la Clasificación Internacional de Trastornos del sueño dentro del grupo de las parasomnias.
El fenómeno en cuestión, está ligado de forma popular, a determinadas creencias místicas e irracionales. A lo largo de la historia, los ataques de PS se han identificado como experiencias en relatos coloquiales difiriendo según la cultura. Figuran en la literatura como ataques de íncubos, posesiones demoníacas, brujas que atacan; y más recientemente, abducciones extraterrestres.
La parálisis del sueño se considera que ocurre por lo menos una vez en la vida a un porcentaje muy alto de la población. Expertos creen que ocurre cuando la persona se encuentra bajo mucha presión o estés, y al momento de dormir el cuerpo aún sigue estando alerta sobre la amenaza (estrés) lo que dificulta la posibilidad de recuperar el organismo. Suele ser consecuencia de la privación de sueño; los trabajadores nocturnos y las personas que descansan poco en la noche aumentan la probabilidad de tener este trastorno que a su vez interrumpe su sueño.
La edad más común donde aparecen por primera vez los síntomas, según la ICSD (2005), se sitúa en la adolescencia, aunque no se especifica el motivo. También puede registrarse su inicio en la infancia o en edades más adultas, siendo más extraño en la vejez. Respecto a su prevalencia en un sexo u otro, dentro de los casos aislados no existe un predominio sexual, aunque en las formas familiares, las mujeres presentan el trastorno con más frecuencia que los hombres.
La mayoría de las personas con parálisis del sueño aislada no presentan ningún problema de salud mental. Sin embargo, estos episodios parecen ocurrir con más frecuencia en personas con Trastornos de ansiedad, trastorno bipolar, depresión o trastorno de estrés postraumático.
Durante una parálisis de sueño, para poder moverse, se recomienda relajarse y no perder la calma, ya que se trata sólo de un proceso temporal, en el que en realidad no se corre ningún peligro. Dado que la respiración se produce automáticamente, la persona sólo necesita percibir que está respirando con normalidad para entender que se encuentra en una fase temporal de dicha parálisis.
Puede ser útil intentar mover zonas del cuerpo lentamente, como las piernas, manos o brazos; también abrir los ojos. Otra técnica consiste en intentar incorporarse de golpe. Tras vencer el episodio de parálisis, es conveniente levantarse de la cama y procurar estar despierto unos minutos, antes de volver a acostarse, para evitar que aparezca de nuevo el episodio. En algunos casos el médico puede recomendar la utilización de antidepresivos tricíclicos, por su acción inhibidora de la fase de sueño REM.
Por último, se recomienda dormir del lado, ya que la mayoría de los ataques de parálisis del sueño ocurren cuando las personas se duermen boca arriba, adoptar un horario regular para dormir y asegurarse de que se está descansando lo suficiente, tomar medidas para controlar el estrés, y no tomar pastillas para dormir, si es posible.
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